AN ASSESSMENT INTO FISH REARING AS A MEANS OF POVERTY ALLEVIATION AMONG LEARNERS WITH HEARING IMPAIRMENT

Description

TITLE:

 

AN ASSESSMENT INTO FISH REARING AS A MEANS OF POVERTY ALLEVIATION AMONG LEARNERS WITH HEARING IMPAIRMENT IN AFIJIO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, OYO STATE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Declaration                                                                                                      i

Certification                                                                                                     ii

Dedication                                                                                                       iii

Acknowledgement                                                                                          iv

Abstract                                                                                                           v – vi

Table of Content                                                                                             vii

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study                                                                         1

1.2 Statement of the Problem                                                                         10

1.3 Purpose of the Study                                                                                 12

1.4 Research Questions                                                                                   13

1.5 Significance of the Study                                                                          13

1.6 Scope of the Study                                                                                    15

1.7 Operational Definition of Terms                                                               16

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Conceptual Review                                                                                   17

2.1.1 Concept of Hearing Impairment                                                             18

2.1.2 Concept of Poverty Alleviation                                                              21

2.1.3 Concept of Fish Rearing                                                                        22

2.2 Theoretical Review                                                                                   24

2.2.1. Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF)                                          24

2.2.2. Social Model of Disability                                                                    27

2.2.3. Human Capital Theory                                                                         30

2.3 Empirical Review                                                                                                 32

2.3.1 Awareness on fish rearing in Nigeria                                                     32

2.3.2 Economic benefits of fish farming in Nigeria                                       37

2.3.3 Challenges facing students with hearing impairment in engaging in fish rearing in Nigeria

2.3.4 Effectiveness of existing support systems in promoting fish farming among persons with hearing impairment in Nigeria                                                 46

2.4 Summary of the Reviewed Literature                                                      50

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design                                                                                       54

3.2 Population of the Study                                                                            55

3.3 Sample and Sampling Techniques                                                            55

3.4 Research Instrument                                                                                 55

3.5 Validity of Research Instrument                                                                56

3.6 Reliability of the Instrument                                                                     56

 

3.7 Procedure for Data Collection                                                                  56

3.8 Method of  Data Analysis                                                                         57

 

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION OF DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction                                                                                               58

4.2 Presentation of demographic information                                                 58

4.3 Data Presentation                                                                                      60

4.4 Discussion of Result                                                                                 64

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary                                                                                                   67

5.2 Conclusion                                                                                                68

5.3 Recommendations                                                                                    69

5.4 Suggestions for Further Studies                                                                70

References                                                                                                       71

Appendix                                                                                                        74

ABSTRACT

This study assessed the fish rearing as a means of poverty alleviation among learners with hearing impairment in Afijio Local Government, Oyo state. The research design adopted for this study is descriptive survey design. The target population for this study comprises of one hundred (120) learners with hearing impairment ranging from 100 to 300 levels in Federal College of Education (Special), Oyo. The study made use of research question as research instrument using self-structured questionnaire for collecting data from respondents. Data collected were analysed using statistically using simple percentages. According to the research findings, it was established that fish farming presents a significant opportunity for the social and economic inclusion of students with hearing impairment. Strengthening training, enhancing access to resources, and integrating inclusive policies will be essential in translating awareness into practical, sustainable outcomes in fish farming practices among learners with hearing impairments. The research recommended that schools and vocational training centers should integrate inclusive fish farming into their curriculum for students with hearing impairment. Ministry of Agriculture should design and implement targeted policies and funding schemes to support students with disabilities in agricultural entrepreneurship. Also, Parents and caregivers should be sensitized on the importance of vocational independence for their children and encouraged to support them in pursuing training and opportunities in fish farming.

 

Keywords: Fish rearing, Poverty alleviation, Hearing impairment, Vocational                            training, Economic Empowerment.

 

Word Count: 215

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Hearing impairment, also known as hearing loss, is a condition that affects a person’s ability to perceive sound for speech production. It ranges from mild to profound and may impact one or both ears. This condition can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired due to various factors such as aging, exposure to loud noises, infections, genetic predisposition, or trauma (WHO, 2024). Hearing impairment significantly affects communication, social interactions, and overall quality of life, making early detection and intervention crucial. There are three main types of hearing impairment: conductive, sensorineural, and mixed hearing loss. Conductive hearing loss occurs when sound waves cannot pass efficiently through the outer or middle ear, often due to blockages, infections, or damage to the eardrum or ossicles. Sensorineural hearing loss, on the other hand, results from damage to the inner ear (cochlea) or auditory nerve, typically caused by aging, noise exposure, or medical conditions like Ménière’s disease. Mixed hearing loss is a combination of both, involving issues in both the outer/middle ear and the inner ear (Raviana, Jerry and Orlando, 2023).

The impact of hearing impairment extends beyond hearing difficulties. Individuals with significant hearing loss may experience challenges in speech development (especially in children), social isolation, emotional distress, and reduced work or academic performance. In older adults, untreated hearing loss is also linked to cognitive decline and an increased risk of dementia. Because of these broader implications, timely intervention is necessary to improve quality of life and communication abilities (Podury, Jiam, Kim, Donnenfield, and Dhand, 2023).

Persons with hearing impairment in Nigeria face significant economic challenges that hinder their ability to participate fully in the workforce and society. These challenges stem from a combination of societal attitudes, limited access to education, workplace discrimination, and inadequate government support. As a result, many individuals with hearing impairment struggle to achieve financial independence and a decent standard of living (World Bank, 2016). One of the major economic challenges is the limited access to quality education and vocational training. Many schools in Nigeria do not have the necessary facilities or trained teachers to support students with hearing impairment. Special education schools are few and often expensive, making them inaccessible to many families. Without proper education and vocational training, individuals with hearing impairment have fewer opportunities for gainful employment, leading to financial hardship (Rufus, Jumai, and Suraju, 2023).

Workplace discrimination and limited job opportunities also pose significant economic challenges. Many employers in Nigeria are reluctant to hire persons with hearing impairment due to misconceptions about their abilities. Even when they secure jobs, they often face workplace discrimination, lower wages, and limited career growth opportunities. The lack of workplace accommodations, such as sign language interpreters and assistive communication devices, further discourages employers from hiring them, pushing many into low-paying jobs or unemployment. The high cost of assistive devices and medical care is another financial burden for persons with hearing impairment. Hearing aids, cochlear implants, and other assistive devices are expensive and rarely covered by health insurance or government programs. Many individuals cannot afford these essential tools, limiting their ability to communicate and participate in economic activities. Additionally, access to specialized healthcare services, including audiology and speech therapy, is limited and costly, further deepening the financial strain (World Bank, 2016).

Poverty alleviation refers to efforts aimed at reducing or eliminating poverty to improve the standard of living for individuals and communities. It is a critical goal for many governments, international organizations, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) worldwide. Poverty is a complex issue influenced by factors such as unemployment, lack of education, poor healthcare, and economic inequality. Effective poverty alleviation requires a multi-dimensional approach that addresses both immediate needs and long-term solutions. One of the key strategies for poverty alleviation is education and skill development. Access to quality education equips individuals with knowledge and skills that increase their employability and earning potential. Vocational training and skill acquisition programs can help people, especially in developing countries, gain practical skills that enable them to start businesses or secure better-paying jobs. Education also empowers individuals to make informed decisions about health, finances, and family planning, reducing the risk of intergenerational poverty (Kolawole, 2021).

Employment creation and economic empowerment are also essential in the fight against poverty. Governments and private sector players can work together to create job opportunities by investing in industries, supporting entrepreneurship, and encouraging innovation. Microfinance institutions and small business grants help individuals start and expand businesses, leading to economic independence. Moreover, fair labor policies, minimum wage regulations, and improved working conditions ensure that workers earn a livable income, reducing financial hardship (Omeje, 2020).

Fish rearing, also known as fish farming or aquaculture, is the practice of breeding, raising, and harvesting fish for consumption or commercial purposes. It is an important sector of agriculture that provides a significant source of food, employment, and income worldwide. With the increasing demand for fish as a source of protein and the decline in wild fish populations due to overfishing, fish rearing has become an essential solution to meet global seafood needs. There are different methods of fish rearing, depending on the species and the environment. Pond fish farming is one of the most common methods, where fish are raised in artificial or natural ponds. This system allows for controlled feeding, monitoring of water quality, and protection from predators. Cage fish farming involves placing fish in large enclosures suspended in natural water bodies such as rivers, lakes, or oceans, allowing them to grow in their natural habitat while being protected. Tank-based fish farming is another method where fish are raised in tanks with controlled water conditions, commonly used in areas with limited land or water resources (Clyde, 2025).

The success of fish rearing depends on several factors, including water quality, proper feeding, and disease management. Clean and well-oxygenated water is essential for the health and growth of fish. Farmers must regularly monitor water temperature, pH levels, and oxygen content to ensure optimal conditions. Proper feeding is also crucial, as fish require a balanced diet to grow efficiently. Overfeeding or underfeeding can lead to poor growth rates and water pollution. Additionally, fish farmers must be vigilant about disease control, as infections and parasites can spread quickly in fish farms, causing significant losses (Food and Agricultural Organistion, 2025).

Poverty remains a significant challenge for persons with hearing impairment in Nigeria due to limited job opportunities, workplace discrimination, and lack of access to quality education. As a result, many individuals with hearing impairment struggle to achieve financial independence. Fish rearing, also known as fish farming or aquaculture, presents a viable solution for poverty alleviation among this marginalized group. It is a profitable and sustainable agricultural practice that requires minimal verbal communication, making it an ideal livelihood option for persons with hearing impairment (World Bank, 2020).

One of the major advantages of fish rearing is its low barrier to entry and scalability. Unlike some industries that require advanced education or complex training, fish farming can be learned through hands-on experience and visual demonstrations. Many aspects of fish rearing, such as feeding, water quality management, and harvesting, can be effectively taught through sign language, written instructions, and practical training. This makes it an accessible economic activity for persons with hearing impairment, enabling them to earn a steady income and reduce their dependence on financial assistance (Atukunda, 2020).

Fish farming also offers stable income opportunities and food security. The demand for fish in Nigeria is consistently high due to its affordability and nutritional value. By engaging in fish rearing, persons with hearing impairment can generate regular income by selling fish in local markets, restaurants, and hotels. Additionally, fish farming provides a source of protein-rich food, improving the nutrition and well-being of those involved. The ability to produce food while earning an income enhances financial stability and self-sufficiency among persons with disabilities (Worldfish, 2021).

Another benefit of fish rearing is that it encourages entrepreneurship and economic independence. Instead of relying on employment from organizations that may discriminate against them, persons with hearing impairment can establish their own fish farms. With proper support, such as access to microfinance loans, government grants, or cooperative farming schemes, they can expand their businesses and employ others, including fellow persons with disabilities. Entrepreneurship in fish farming not only provides personal financial growth but also contributes to community development by creating more job opportunities (Ayeloja, 2021).

However, some challenges must be addressed to maximize the benefits of fish rearing for persons with hearing impairment. These include limited access to funding, training, and market linkages. Many financial institutions hesitate to provide loans to persons with disabilities due to misconceptions about their capabilities. Additionally, training programs in aquaculture are not always designed to accommodate the communication needs of individuals with hearing impairment. Government agencies, NGOs, and disability advocacy groups should work together to provide inclusive training programs, financial support, and mentorship to encourage more persons with hearing impairment to engage in fish farming (WHO, 2022).

Research on fish rearing as a means of poverty alleviation among persons with hearing impairment in Nigeria remains limited, with significant gaps that need to be addressed. While there have been studies on poverty alleviation strategies, aquaculture development, and disability inclusion, few have specifically explored the intersection of these three areas. The lack of targeted research on how fish rearing can serve as an effective economic empowerment tool for persons with hearing impairment leaves gaps in knowledge that hinder effective policy formulation and program development.

One of the major gaps in existing studies is the lack of data on participation rates and economic impact. There is little empirical research on how many persons with hearing impairment are currently engaged in fish farming in Nigeria and the extent to which this activity has improved their economic status. Without concrete statistical evidence, it is difficult to measure the effectiveness of fish rearing as a poverty alleviation strategy for this specific group. Most existing studies on aquaculture in Nigeria focus on general fish farming challenges rather than its role in disability empowerment.

Another gap is the limited analysis of accessibility barriers and support systems. While fish farming is often considered an inclusive economic activity, studies rarely examine the unique challenges persons with hearing impairment face in accessing training, funding, and markets. Communication barriers, lack of inclusive training programs, and discrimination in financial services may prevent many from successfully engaging in fish rearing. More research is needed to identify specific obstacles and propose strategies for creating a more inclusive fish farming sector.

Additionally, there is little focus on policy interventions and governmental support for inclusive aquaculture. Although Nigeria has disability rights laws and agricultural development policies, there is minimal research on whether these policies effectively support persons with hearing impairment in the fish farming sector. The absence of policy evaluation studies means that gaps in implementation go unaddressed, limiting the potential of fish rearing as a sustainable livelihood for persons with disabilities.

Furthermore, there is a lack of comparative studies between persons with hearing impairment and other vulnerable groups engaged in fish farming. Most existing studies on poverty alleviation through fish rearing focus on rural farmers in general but do not assess how persons with hearing impairment compare to other marginalized groups, such as women, youth, or persons with other disabilities. Comparative studies could help determine whether specific interventions are needed to support individuals with hearing impairment or if general poverty alleviation programs are sufficient.

Lastly, the long-term sustainability and scalability of fish rearing for persons with hearing impairment have not been adequately explored. Research is needed to determine whether fish farming offers long-term financial stability for persons with hearing impairment or if there are risks of market fluctuations, climate change, or other external factors that could affect its viability. Studies should also assess how small-scale fish farms owned by persons with hearing impairment can be scaled up to become more commercially viable.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Poverty remains a major challenge for persons with hearing impairment in Nigeria, limiting their access to quality education, employment opportunities, and financial independence. Many individuals with hearing impairment face significant economic difficulties due to workplace discrimination, social exclusion, and inadequate government support. Traditional employment options are often inaccessible due to communication barriers and a lack of inclusive policies, leaving many of them without a stable source of income. As a result, alternative means of economic empowerment, such as fish rearing, need to be explored as viable solutions for poverty alleviation among this marginalized group.

Fish rearing has been recognized as an effective source of income and food security for many individuals, including those in rural communities and low-income households. However, little research has been conducted on how fish farming can specifically benefit persons with hearing impairment in Nigeria. There is a gap in understanding the extent to which fish rearing can provide sustainable livelihoods, financial stability, and economic independence for students with hearing impairment at institutions like the Federal College of Education (Special), Oyo. The lack of empirical data on the participation, challenges, and economic outcomes of fish farming for persons with hearing impairment makes it difficult to develop targeted interventions and policies.

Furthermore, despite the potential benefits of fish rearing, persons with hearing impairment may face unique barriers that hinder their success in the field. Limited access to training programs designed for individuals with communication disabilities, difficulty securing financial support, and discrimination in market access are critical challenges that may prevent them from fully benefiting from fish farming. Additionally, existing vocational programs may not be adequately structured to accommodate their specific needs, reducing their chances of success.

To address these challenges, it is essential to develop inclusive and accessible vocational training programmes tailored specifically for persons with hearing impairment, focusing on practical skills in fish rearing and related agribusiness activities. These programs should incorporate sign language interpreters, visual instructional materials, and hands-on demonstrations to ensure effective learning. Additionally, government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and financial institutions should collaborate to provide targeted financial assistance, such as grants, low-interest loans, and equipment subsidies, to support persons with hearing impairment in establishing and expanding fish farms. Advocacy campaigns should also be intensified to promote awareness and reduce societal biases, thereby improving market access and fostering partnerships between hearing-impaired fish farmers and mainstream agricultural markets. Finally, policies should be enacted to institutionalize inclusive agricultural development strategies, ensuring that persons with hearing impairment are actively involved in decision-making processes and benefit from national poverty alleviation programs.

1.3 Purpose of the Study

The general purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of fish rearing as a means of poverty alleviation among persons with hearing impairment, using selected students of the Federal College of Education (Special), Oyo, as a case study. Specifically, the purposes of the study include:

1. To examine the level of awareness in fish rearing.
2. To assess the economic benefits of fish farming.

iii. To identify the challenges faced by students with hearing impairment in engaging in fish rearing.

1. To evaluate the effectiveness of existing support systems, such as vocational training programs and government initiatives, in promoting fish farming among persons with hearing impairment.

1.4 Research Questions

1. What is the level of awareness of students with hearing impairment in fish rearing?
2. How does fish farming contribute to income generation and financial independence for persons with hearing impairment?
3. What challenges do students with hearing impairment face in engaging in fish rearing?
4. How effective are the existing support systems, such as vocational training programs and government initiatives?

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study is significant as it contributes to the understanding of how fish rearing can serve as a viable means of poverty alleviation for persons with hearing impairment. In Nigeria, individuals with disabilities, particularly those with hearing impairments, face numerous economic challenges due to limited employment opportunities, discrimination, and lack of access to vocational training. By assessing the potential of fish farming as an economic empowerment strategy, this study provides valuable insights into how individuals with hearing impairment can achieve financial independence and improved livelihoods.

The study is also important for educational institutions and vocational training centers, particularly the Federal College of Education (Special), Oyo. The findings will help educators and policymakers design more inclusive vocational training programs that cater to the specific needs of students with hearing impairments. It will highlight the importance of integrating fish rearing into special education curricula as a means of equipping students with practical, income-generating skills. This will ultimately enhance their employability and entrepreneurial capabilities, reducing their dependence on financial assistance.

For government agencies and policymakers, this research will provide evidence-based recommendations on how to enhance disability-inclusive agricultural policies. By identifying the challenges that persons with hearing impairment face in fish farming, the study can guide the development of targeted interventions, such as financial support programs, accessible training opportunities, and improved market access. These findings will help shape policies that promote equal economic opportunities for persons with disabilities and contribute to the broader goal of poverty reduction in Nigeria.

Additionally, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and disability advocacy groups will benefit from this study as it provides data to support initiatives aimed at empowering persons with hearing impairment through sustainable livelihoods. NGOs working in the areas of disability rights, vocational training, and economic empowerment can use the study’s findings to design programs that encourage persons with hearing impairment to engage in fish farming. This can lead to increased support for inclusive entrepreneurship programs and funding opportunities tailored to their needs.

Finally, the study is valuable to students with hearing impairment and their families, as it sheds light on a practical and accessible livelihood option. By demonstrating the profitability and sustainability of fish rearing, the study can encourage more persons with hearing impairment to consider fish farming as a means of securing financial stability. Families of individuals with hearing impairments will also gain a better understanding of how vocational skills can improve their loved ones’ economic prospects, thereby fostering greater support for entrepreneurship among this group.

Pay for the complete project

Project page: 84 pages

Do you have a new project topic to conduct research on? Contact +2348039692804 for getting it done without delay